happy vs anger) can be discriminated by monkeys (Kanazawa 1996), dogs (Müller et al. 2012), and some basic human facial expressions (e.g. 2017) and dogs (Tam and Gallagher 2009 Wan et al. Even though it has been reported that humans can recognize some facial expressions in monkeys (Marechal et al. Although the capability of categorizing conspecific facial expressions, particularly of human viewers, and its underlying cognitive mechanisms are well researched, little is known about the processes in perceiving heterospecific facial expressions. We show inborn predisposition to process expressive facial cues, and the relevant cognitive and perceptual capacities are quickly perfected through increasing practice and exposure over time (Bruce and Young 2012). Consequently, humans are extremely sensitive to each other’s facial expressions. The ability to recognize an individual’s expression accurately and quickly plays a crucial role in an animal’s social communication and even survival (Darwin 1872). It seems that facial expression processing is species dependent, and social learning may play a significant role in discriminating even rudimentary types of heterospecific expressions.īecause a significant part of emotional expressions are achieved through movements of facial muscles, facial expressions provide crucial visual cues for humans and a range of non-human mammal species to understand other’s emotional state and intention. Interestingly, the gaze behaviour of both human and monkey observers were further affected by their prior experience of the viewed species. Monkeys’ gaze distributions in exploring human and monkey faces were qualitatively different from exploring chimpanzee and dog faces. Specifically, humans predominately attended at human eyes but animal mouth when judging facial expressions. Furthermore, both human and monkey observers demonstrated different face-viewing gaze distributions which were also species dependent. Human observers showed species- and experience-dependent expression categorization accuracy. In this eye-tracking study, we examined face-viewing gaze allocation of human (including dog owners and non-dog owners) and monkey observers while exploring expressive human, chimpanzee, monkey and dog faces (positive, neutral and negative expressions in human and dog faces neutral and negative expressions in chimpanzee and monkey faces). It is, however, unclear to what extent this ‘universality’ view can be extended to process heterospecific facial expressions, and how ‘social learning’ process contributes to heterospecific expression perception. Common facial expressions of emotion have distinctive patterns of facial muscle movements that are culturally similar among humans, and perceiving these expressions is associated with stereotypical gaze allocation at local facial regions that are characteristic for each expression, such as eyes in angry faces.
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